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没油、没电、油门顿挫 汽车常见10大疑难杂症怎么破?

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发表于 2016-2-5 15:11:23 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
1、水温过高
故障原因:发动机在工作时,无论负荷的大小、转速高低、周围大气温度,冷却水都基本保持在80℃-90℃之间,如果超出这一范围就会造成发动机过热,功率下降等一系列不良现象
水温过高的原因很多,常见的有:风扇皮带断裂、水箱或水管漏水、节温器故障、机油泄漏等。如果车子在行驶中发动机动力消失或是转出剧烈的爆震、敲缸等声音,大多是因为发动机过热。
出现这个故障时,汽车大师建议:
首先减速,然后把车开到路旁,不要立即熄火,因为水温过高,会导致活塞、钢壁、气缸、曲轴等温度过高,机油变稀,失去润滑作用。如果此时立刻熄火,机件都处于膨胀状态,各配件间隙很小,会造成有些软金属脱落,甚至粘缸。所以发现开锅后,应暂时保持怠速运转,设法降温。
切忌泼冷水浇发动机,这样可能造成发动机缸体由于骤冷而炸裂。
1)首先检查水箱冷却水是否正常、水箱、水管及各接头处有无渗漏现象。若通过外表检查均未发现异常,即可按规定补足冷却水后再继续行驶;
2)如果行驶一段距离后,温度仍过高,停车检查又发现冷却水减少,这多半是气缸体的水套有砂眼或穿孔,可以等发动机冷却后,打开水箱盖,将香烟折开,把烟丝捏碎后倒入水箱,或者将肥皂弄成黄豆大小后倒入水箱,然后加满水,盖上水箱盖,启动发动机,不用多久,烟丝或者肥皂在水流循环的过程中会将沙眼堵住,暂时可以解决水箱漏水的问题,这种方法只能暂时应急,一旦有条件后要马上维修,而且需要清洗冷却系统;
3)用手去触摸上水管与水下管的温度来判断故障所在,若两水管温差较大,即可判为节温器不工作,在途中若一时购不到配件,可拆除节温器应急,找到修理店后立即更换。

2、电瓶没电
故障原因:虽然很多车辆都使用免维护的蓄电池,但是万一蓄电池出了问题,往往也很难发现。在行车途中,出现蓄电池电压不足的故障时,会造成发动机不能发动。
电瓶没电通常有两种情况,电瓶寿命一般是2至3年,电瓶寿命到期时,就会在某次停车时突然没电;还有就是我们长时间听收音机、忘关大灯、以及防盗器长时间报警等情况造成电瓶没电。
汽车大师提醒:可用下面三种方法之一发动:
1、由其它车辆牵引、拖拉发动。 2、借用其它车辆的电源发动。3、利用下坡发动。
1)推车或牵引,如果有人协助可以采用牵引或推车的方法,具体是进入车后挂入二档,然后踩住离合不抬,待推车的人将速度推起来后直接抬起离合器,补些油,此时车会启动。如果采用牵引,方法相同,但一定要注意保持车距。
2)使用电瓶搭线的方法,借用其他车辆的电源充电,具体方法是:准备两条相对粗的导线,如果是市场购买的,一般分为红色和黑色。可以把红色线的一头接到有电车电瓶的正极,另一头接到亏电车电瓶的正极。黑色线的一头接到亏电车电瓶的负极,另一头接到有电车的金属部分。
有电车先启动,以带动亏电车着车。在这里我们还要强调一下,供电的车子应该处于运转状态,先搭接正极、再搭接负极;启动后,先松负极、再松正极搭线。这样可以防止先接搭负极后中途意外把正极与车体碰到,造成短路。

3、机油不足报警
故障原因:油壶红灯亮起,如果不是传感器故障,一般都是发动机缺少机油,在缺少机油情况下继续行驶,很可能造成活塞敲碎缸体,车子会突然熄火,不但很危险,接下来的维修成本也很高啊。
出现这个故障时,汽车大师建议:如果看到仪表上的油壶红灯亮起,就得就近停车进行检查了。
1)有些车子是烧机油的,车主们应该很有经验,可以自行添加匹配的机油。在空旷的郊外没有其他车辆帮助,又不得不往前行驶,附近又买不到机油,可以临时到一些摊挡购买豆油或花生油暂代,开到修理厂后应马上换油,否则会留下很多积炭。这时万不得已的作法。如果有其他的车辆,可以向他们借用机油。
2)如果不小心磕碰到了油箱造成漏油,附近又没有维修地点,我们可以嚼完口香糖之后,糊在燃油箱漏油的部位,因为口香糖干化之后可以紧紧堵住滴油部位,很好的起到救急的作用。
3)如果是因为撞击造成油路损坏,就不要加机油了,请求道路援助吧。

4、刹车灯报警
故障原因:如果长途中我们遇到刹车警告灯亮,此时说明刹车油液面不够,刹车系统可能有渗漏现象。
汽车大师提醒:此时切忌不可继续开车,必须及时添加刹车油购,如果由于环境因素买不到刹车油时,可以买高度数的白酒暂时代替,不会影响刹车效果,但不可频繁刹车,应急后应立即开到修理厂检修。
出行前要检测制动系统是否正常,包括:刹车片的磨损程度,也要注意助力油是否充足。刹车系统的分泵防尘套应该特别注意,因为如果这个部件破裂进入灰尘,将会导致活塞工作失效,进而导致爱车制动时刹车距离增大;如果这个部件进水,会因为刹车油中混合了水而出现刹车故障。所以,无论是防尘套入水还是入尘,都必须进行全面刹车系统检测和维修处理,以防长途行驶刹车失灵。

5、轮胎漏气
用漏气的轮胎高速前进也是非常危险的,尤其不能急刹车,因为轮胎漏气后四个轮子着力不同,急刹车有侧翻的危险。
汽车大师建议:马上更换轮胎,这是正确安全的方法。如果没有备胎,需要缓慢行驶靠边,电话救援。

6、爆胎
爆胎是高速行驶时意外又危险的状况,具体表现是方向盘突然一抖,紧接着传来“砰”的一声巨响,车头随之一偏...遇到这种状况往往就是遇到了爆胎,轮胎会在很短时间(少于0.1秒)内失去大部分空气。
紧急处理:前轮爆胎:一定要握紧方向盘,调整车头,动作要轻柔,不能反复猛打方向盘,更不能急踩刹车,等车辆速度逐渐慢下来后再轻打方向盘。平稳停车后在车后竖立警示三角牌,防止二次事故。
后轮爆胎:车会呈现一种不稳定状态,产生一股轻微力量,使车倾向爆胎的那一边。此时应采用收油减挡的方式将汽车缓慢停下。后轮爆胎并不是非常危险,只需握稳方向盘即可。

7、刹车失灵
这是发生的几率非常小,但是在长途行驶最为严重的问题之一,要冷静应对,确保安全。平时对刹车系统缺乏必要的保养,操作不当导致机件失灵,或者严重超载,都会导致刹车失灵。
紧急处理:1)刹车失灵后,可用手刹来进行刹车,但要操控得当,不能猛拉手刹,否则会造成手刹的钢丝绳因为用力过猛绷断,使手刹失效或车辆后轮抱死,车辆也很容易失控。缓缓拉起手刹,分几次拉紧、松开、拉紧、松开的方法使车辆减速停下来。需注意的是,拉手刹的手柄时要摁进手柄的保险按钮,这样可以使手柄在拉紧、放松的过程中操作自如,防止拉紧时手刹锁死。
2)手动挡车也可通过强制降挡减速停车。具体做法是:直接挂入二挡,再松油门、抬离合器,这时车辆会有一种急刹车般的感觉,然后再伺机挂入一挡,此时可以把电门关掉,利用发动机气缸压缩的作用使车辆停车。
3)如果是在一些下坡等危险路段出现刹车失灵,为防止险情进一步扩大,必要时可利用路边的沙泥堆、草堆、路沟、树林、岩石等障碍物给车辆阻力而停车。

8、转向问题与侧滑
侧滑是指车辆急加速、突然制动或启动时扭矩过大而产生的侧向甩动现象,车辆侧滑很容易造成事故的发生
首先不能惊慌,此时只需松开油门,轻点刹车便会使车回到正确的轨道上来,若转向角度过大,可略回一下方向盘,便可消除转向不足的现象。
1)转弯前制动过度,造成车身荷载前移,车速较高、转向较晚又急于打方向纠正而引起的侧滑,应松开制动踏板,反向轻回方向,使驱动轮恢复牵引力。
2)紧急刹车产生侧滑,应立即停止刹车,向后轮侧滑的方向打方向盘,但是打方向盘的速度和幅度一定要适度。
3)车速高、转向急引起的侧滑,应松开油门降低车速,同时根据车速和发生侧滑的状态,向出现侧滑的一侧轻打方向盘,使车改出侧滑状态。

9、意外起火
紧急处理:1)小火:如果发现得早,火灾还仅限于小部位的起火,而且只有轻微的烟雾,这时候一般用自己车上的灭火器就可化解危机。如果没有灭火器,想他人求助,并且用毛毯,沙子掩盖火源也可能扑灭。
2)中火:如果发动机舱已经开始冒烟并且有火苗从缝隙中窜出,那么火势已经发展到了比较严重的程度,不要打开引擎盖,以防空气对流加大火势。这时可拉开锁止扳手,让引擎盖漏一条缝,然后往里面喷灭火剂,等到没有烟雾时方可停止。这时才能打开引擎盖,进行清理工作。
3)大火:如果车内已经燃起熊熊大火,而且3分钟以上都没能有效灭火,那么此时汽车应该已经是周身起火,局面已经很难控制,此时最正确的方法是选择迅速彻底,及时疏散乘客和围观群众,避免因爆炸造成的伤害。"

10、踩油门时出现迟滞或顿挫感
故障解析:若车辆在起步、提速踩油门时出现迟滞或顿挫感,你不要认为只是影响车速,车辆很可能出现油路或电路的严重隐患。一旦发动机途中熄火,将直接导致转向和刹车失灵。
汽车大师建议:及时将车送修理厂进行检修,绝大多数车辆都是依靠发动机提供动力,带动转向机和刹车泵的液压传动系统进行工作的,若发动机失去动力,单凭驾驶员手动操作转向和刹车,基本上不可能有效完成。你不妨试试,将车辆熄火后,方向盘异常沉重,刹车踏板会自然上升并僵硬,刹车动作难以到位。

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